Supercapacitors reduce cyclic stress on batteries, making the charging and discharging process more uniform. This translates into an increase in battery pack life of up to 50% in some applications, resulting in reduced maintenance and disposal costs.

The integration of supercapacitors and batteries is particularly advantageous in sectors that require fast response times and high reliability:

Electric and hybrid vehicles: supercapacitors handle sudden acceleration, regenerative braking and rapid charging at high-power stations, protecting batteries from thermal and chemical stress.
Robotics industry: in collaborative or autonomous mobile robots, supercapacitors provide instant power to actuators, reducing response times and increasing movement precision.
Backup systems and UPS: in the event of a blackout, supercapacitors provide immediate power to keep critical systems operational, while batteries manage long-term power supply.
Rail and marine transport: the combination of batteries and supercapacitors allows traction peaks and regenerative braking to be managed without compromising the life of the main battery packs.

Technological challenges in implementation
Despite the benefits, the adoption of hybrid systems requires advanced engineering solutions:

1) Sophisticated management electronics: a control system is needed that can manage complex energy flows, balance voltages and currents, and optimise distribution between the battery and supercap.
2) Highly stable materials: both batteries and supercapacitors must be made of materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and intensive charging cycles.
3) Modular design: the system must be scalable to adapt to different power and capacity levels depending on the application requirements.
4) Mechanical and electronic integration: cooling management and the physical layout of the modules are essential to ensure optimal performance and safety.